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Today, solar energy is recognized as one of the most valuable renewable energy sources, playing a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges. The history of solar cells dates back to the early 20th century. This remarkable technology is divided into three different generations based on their construction technologies: the first generation consists of wafer-based cells, the second generation includes thin-film technologies, and the third generation focuses on organic and perovskite cells. Each of these generations has its unique features and applications, and examining them can help us gain a deeper understanding of the potential and bright future of solar energy.

Solar energy is a renewable and clean energy source that results from the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity or heat. Solar energy technologies include photovoltaic cells, solar thermal power plants and solar heating systems. As a sustainable, environmentally friendly and growing energy source, solar energy can play an important role in achieving sustainable development and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. With the advancement of related technologies and the reduction of costs, solar energy has become an attractive and competitive option for energy supply worldwide.